Injectable Medications for Diabetes Management GLP-1 Agonists & Insulin: Regimens, Administration, and Dosages

Injectable therapies are key in managing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) when oral agents are insufficient or inappropriate.

💉 Why Injectable Therapy May Be Needed

• T2DM is progressive: Insulin resistance ↑, β-cell function ↓ over time.

• When to start injectables:

  • Oral meds no longer control HbA1c

  • Marked hyperglycaemia: weight loss, polyuria, ketonuria

  • Contraindications/intolerance to oral agents

• Insulin is always needed in T1DM.

• CKS guidance: Insulin in T2DM if:

  • Persistent poor control despite max oral therapy

  • Marked symptoms
    ➤ Must be initiated by clinicians trained in insulin use

The two main classes used in primary care are:

• GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) – Incretin-based therapies that improve glycaemic control and support weight loss.

• Insulin – Essential in type 1 diabetes and often required in later-stage T2DM.

GPs must understand when to initiate injectables, how to choose between them, and how to manage practical aspects like dosing and titration. This guide covers key regimens, administration techniques, and red flags for safe and effective use.

GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Type 2 Diabetes

GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are injectable medications that mimic the gut hormone GLP-1, enhancing glucose-dependent insulin secretion. They are used in type 2 diabetes when oral...