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Hypothyroidism – A clinical state due to underproduction of thyroid hormones .PRIMARY HYPO- THYROIDISM ( > 95 % ) TSH high T3 low or normal T4 low . Problem is in the gland – ie gland failure due to ♦ damage ♦ inhibition ♦ removal of gland itself. Iodine deficiency- worldwide commonest cause. Autoimmune thyroiditis- most common cause- Hashimoto thyroiditis Atrophic thyroiditis ( Primary Myxoedema ) May happen with or without goitre Atrophic autoimmune thyroiditis . Post-ablative therapy or surgery- Thyroidoectomy Radioactive Iodine External radiotherapy. drugs – Anti-thyroid drugs- about 15 % people will develop hypothyroidism 10-20 yrs after treatment ♦ Carbimazole ♦ Propylthiouracil Amiodarone Lithium Interferons Thalidomide Rifampicin. Transient thyroiditis- Subacute thyroiditis ( de Quervain’s ) Postpartum thyroiditis- within 6/12 post partum. Infiltration Thyroid hypoplasia /agenesis – Tumour , amyloidosis , sarcoidosis , haemochromatosis , TB and scleroderma. Congenital -Absence or underdevelopment of the thyroid gland , ectopic hypoplastic gland or enzyme defect
Overt-TSH above normal reference range ♦ usually above 10 ♦ FT4 is below the normal reference range May not be symptomatic In Pregnancy- TSH > 10 is overt hypothyroidism regardless of T4
Subclinical- Raised TSH but FT4 and FT3 normal Clinical features of hypothyroidism usually absent , but if present -related to degree of TSH elevation TPO antibodies help define the risk of developing overt hypothyroidism Repeat test in 3-6 mts time ( exclude transient causes of ↑ in TSH )
SECONDARY Hypothyroidism ( < 5 % ) Low T4 TSH low / normal or slightly raised. Pituitary- Pituitary dysfunction- Tumours ( adenoma ) Surgery , radiotherapy or trauma Infarction Sheehan’s synd Infiltrative disorders Isolated TSH deficiency or inactivity
hypothalamus- Hypothamamic dysfunction Often also mentioned as tertiary hypothyroidism in literature Tumours ( eg glioma ) Surgery , radiotherapy or trauma Infiltrative disorders Idiopathic hypothalamic dis Drugs ( eg retinoids )
How common- Prevalence 1-2 % in the UK More common in women ( up to 10 times ) One of the most common chronic disorders Secondary hypothyroidism is rare A major cause of 1 ary hypothyroidism in the developing world is Iodine deficiency Primary hypothyroidism – management is straightforward → mostly done in primary care with thyroxine replacement
See chart for presentation Symptoms may be vague subtle and non-specific – reputation as mimicker Progressive fatigue and malaise Myalgia arthlagias and paraesthesias Symptoms may be insidious developing over yrs Elderly may be asymptomatic
Myxedema coma -also known as myxedema is the rare but deadly manifestation of severe hypothyroidism high mortality rate presents with hypothermia ( as low as 23° ), coma and seizures
Risk factors- Iodine deficiency Family h/o thyroid or autoimmune disorders Middle age Female sex ↑ common in whites compared to other races and ethnicities Pre-existing other autoimmune illnesses as type 1 diabetes rheumatoid arthritis multiple sclerosis Coeliac disease Addison’s disease pernicious anaemia vitiligo Previous treatment with radioactive iodine or radiation to upper neck/ chest H/O thyroid surgery Down’s and Turner’s syndrome Bi-polar disorder Primary pulmonary hypertension Amiodarone use Lithium use
Complications – Dyslipidemia CAD and stroke Heart failure Impaired fertility Pregnancy- miscarriage , anaemia , pre-eclampsia , placental abruption , PPH , stillbirth Adverse neo-natal outcomes
Clinical symptoms – Slow , dry haired ,thick skinned , deep voiced patient with weight gain , cold intolerance , bradycardia and constipation ( classical presentation ) Diffuse hair loss from scalp and eyebrows Most cases present with non-specific symptoms Poor memory or general intellectual deterioration Usually picked up on biochemical testing Delayed relaxation phase of Achilles’s jerk
Investigations – Dyslipidemia- improves with treatment FBC- mild normocytic anaemia Fasting blood glucose may be elevated Muscle enzymes e.g CK may be elevated Consider cortisol (exclude co-existent Addison’s disease ) Hyponatraemia in severe cases Thyroid antibodies – antithyroid peroxidase antibodies elevated in 90 % of patients with autoimmune thyroiditis ECG- bradycardia , low voltage complexes
Treatment -All symptomatic patients with Primary hypothyroidism-Levothyroxine – synthetic compound identical to T4 converted to T3 in extrathyroidal tissue 1/2 life of 7 days Single dose 1/2 an hr to an hr before breakfast-Cause of hypothyroidism Age of the patient Co-existing heart disease Usual dose to achieve full replacement is between 100 µg to 150 µg
TSH level is used to assess response ( other than people with pituitary disease ) It take atleast 2 months ( 6-8 weeks ) for the pituitary-thyroid axis to re-set after introducing treatment or a dose adjustment Aim of the treatment is to ◘ make the patient feel better ◘ normalise serum TSH ◘ avoid over-treatment
Referral –Age less than 16 Pregnant or post-partum Subacute thyroiditis Goitre , Nodule or structural change in thyroid gland Suspected of having associated endocrine disease ♦ Do not start thyroxine replacement if suspected adrenal failure → can precipitate adrenal crisis Newborn infant Particular management problems ♦ IHD or pre-existing cardiac disease ♦ Treatment with amiodarone or Lithium ♦ adverse effects from treatment -If worse after starting Rx → suspect Addison’s disease Female and planning pregnancy Atypical or misleading thyroid functions Persistently raised TSH despite adequate treatment after excluding ♦ poor adherence ♦ drug interactions ♦ malabsorption Persistent symptoms despite treatment e ,g > 200 µcg of treatment and compliant with treatment.
LINKS AND RESOURCES
PATIENT RESOURCES
Printable 2 page leaflet from American Thyroid Association – print and hand out for patients to read- short summary very concise and useful-https://www.thyroid.org/wp-content/uploads/patients/brochures/Hypo_brochure.pdf
A page for all thyroid-related problems from ATA- has information on all and any aspect related to the thyroid gland https://www.thyroid.org/thyroid-information/
Leaflets available from British Thyroid Foundation– choose and print pdf version https://www.btf-thyroid.org/Pages/Category/patient-leaflets
An excellent 8 page resource can be printed from National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/endocrine-diseases/hypothyroidism
Thyroid UK printable pdf on hypothyroidism and treatment http://www.thyroiduk.org.uk/tuk/about_the_thyroid/hypothyroidism.html
Levothyroxine patient information from Medicine compendium https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/files/pil.6441.pdf
A rare patient information source for subclinical hypothyroidism from healthline https://www.healthline.com/health/subclinical-hypothyroidism
RESOURCES FOR HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS
NICE draft on Thyroid disease: assessment and management June 2019 https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng145/documents/draft-guideline
Management of primary hypothyroidism : statement by the British Thyroid AssociationExecutive Committee Clinical Endocrinology 2015 https://www.british-thyroid-association.org/sandbox/bta2016/bta_statement_on_the_management_of_primary_hypothyroidism.pdf
Liothyronine ( L-T3 ) information from BTF https://www.btf-thyroid.org/liothyronine-answering-patients-questions
ATA professional guidelines https://www.thyroid.org/professionals/ata-professional-guidelines/
from the above – ATA hypothyroidism section is available on https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/thy.2014.0028
Getting confused with TFTs ? read this article from Australian prescriber. com by Prof Mortimer https://www.nps.org.au/assets/fa172d98f69769b8-d253ad676cdd-6f85b7bb7adf6b07a897038044b88b7bd93037a211bf0756d6ca9a0a05fd.pdf
Another valuable information leaflet from Camden Clinical Commissioning group https://gps.camdenccg.nhs.uk/cdn/serve/pathway-downloads/1456246291-3faec054a970a1ebf92d6e6cce27b200.pdf
References
- CKS NHS hypothyroidism
- BMJ Best practice Hypothyroidism
- Clinical Review Management of hypothyroidism in adults BMJ 2008 ; 337 ;a801
- Hypothyroidism – Causes , Killers and Life-Saving Treatments Sarah B Dubbs MS et al Emerg Med Clin N Am 32 ( 2014 ) 3030-317
- Management of Hypothyroidism in Adults Nikhil Tandon Supplement to JAPI January 2011 Vol 59
- Clinical Examination E-Book – Owen Epstein Kumar and Clark’s Clinical Medicine Abnormal TFT Results NHS Guidance Camden Clinical Commissioning Group