Acromegaly

Acromegaly is a rare endocrine disorder caused by the excessive production of growth hormone (GH), typically resulting from a pituitary adenoma, a benign tumor in the anterior pituitary gland. This overproduction of GH leads to elevated levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), which drives many of the characteristic features of the disease.

Key pathophysiological changes include abnormal growth of bones, cartilage, and soft tissues, leading to noticeable enlargement of the hands, feet, and facial features such as the jaw and forehead. In addition to physical changes, metabolic alterations such as insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, and dyslipidemia are common. The cardiovascular system is also affected, with potential complications like left ventricular hypertrophy and hypertension.

Acromegaly is often diagnosed late, with a delay of 7-10 years from symptom onset due to its slow progression. Early detection and treatment are critical to prevent irreversible damage and to lower the risk of complications, including cardiovascular and metabolic issues, which significantly impact morbidity and mortality.

(CVS) complications are the leading cause of mortality in patients with acromegaly. The excessive production of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) results in various cardiovascular changes, including: