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Inflammation of the glans penis (balanitis) and the prepuce (posthitis), often affecting both areas collectively referred to as balanoposthitis.
A relatively common condition affecting males of all ages, with a prevalence ranging from 12% to 20%. The highest risk is in uncircumcised males with diabetes mellitus, with a prevalence of approximately 35%. Circumcision reduces the prevalence of inflammatory conditions of the glans penis by 68%.
Causes can be classified as
| Infectious | Dermatoses | Miscellaneous |
|---|---|---|
| Candida spp | Lichen sclerosus | Trauma |
| Staphylococcus aureus | Lichen planus | Poor hygiene |
| Streptococci (Group A/B) | Psoriasis | Penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PeIN) |
| Anaerobes | Circinate balanitis | Systemic disease |
| Gardnerella vaginalis | Zoon's balanitis | Non-specific dermatitis with infection |
| Bacterial STIs | Eczema | Mechanical irritation |
| Chlamydia | - Irritant or allergic contact dermatitis | |
| Lymphogranuloma venereum | - Seborrheic dermatitis | |
| Gonorrhoea | - Contact allergy | |
| Mycoplasma genitalium | ||
| Syphilis | ||
| Chancroid | ||
| Granuloma inguinale | ||
| Viral STIs | ||
| Herpes simplex | ||
| Human Papillomavirus | ||
| Protozoal STIs | ||
| Trichomonas vaginalis | ||
| Entamoeba histolytica | ||
| Parasitic | Immuno-bullous Disorders | |
| Scabies |
History and presentation
| Aspect | Assessment/Ask About |
|---|---|
| History Assessment | • Risk for sexually transmitted infections (STIs). • Underlying dermatologic conditions (e.g., eczema, psoriasis). • Systemic diseases (e.g., reactive arthritis). • Hygiene practices, especially in children. • Exposure to potential irritants or allergens (soaps, bubble baths, detergents, creams, latex condoms, lubricants). • Mechanical irritation... |
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