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Acute diarrhea is a common clinical presentation characterized by the sudden onset of loose or watery stools that typically lasts less than two weeks. It is a significant global health concern, contributing to substantial morbidity and, in severe cases, mortality, particularly in young children and the elderly.
The condition can be caused by a variety of factors, including infections, medications, dietary indiscretions, and underlying medical conditions. Understanding the etiology, presentation, and management of acute diarrhea is essential for clinicians to provide effective treatment and prevent complications. Prompt identification of the underlying cause and appropriate intervention can significantly improve patient outcomes and reduce the burden on healthcare systems.
| Type | Characteristics | Examples | Management |
|---|---|---|---|
| Infectious | Diarrhea lasting < 2 weeks; common cause of acute diarrhea | - Viral: Norovirus, Rotavirus - Bacterial: Salmonella, Shigella, E. coli, Campylobacter - Parasitic: Giardia, Cryptosporidium | Hydration, symptomatic treatment, antibiotics for severe bacterial infections |
| Inflammatory | May be non-bloody or bloody | - Non-bloody: Celiac disease, Crohn's disease - Bloody: Ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease | Treat underlying condition, anti-inflammatory medications, immunosuppressants |
| Ischemic | Associated with risk factors like smoking, high cholesterol | - Small Bowel: Duodenal involvement - Large Bowel: Rectal bleeding, often associated with atherosclerosis | Manage cardiovascular risk factors, supportive care, possible surgical... |
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