Haematuria

Haematuria is the presence of blood or red blood cells in the urine.

Hematuria can be visible or non visible haematuria ( NVH )

Definition of microsopic haematuria varies between countries and guidelines One of the definitions is - three or greater red blood cells ( RBC's ) per high powered field ( HPF ) on a properly collected urinary specimen in the absence of a benign cause The prevalence of microscopic haematuria is 0.9 % to 21 %- less than 1.5 % of these cases have a serious underlying pathology Some studies have shown a lower prevalence of microscopic haematuria in men Microscopic haematuria can be transient or persistent ( 3 or more consecutive samples ) Causes of transient MH includevigorous exercisesexual intercoursemild traumamenstrual contamination Microscopic haematuria can also be subdivided intoSymptomatic NVHAsymptomatic NVH.

Upper and lower urinary tract-tumour , trauma , infection ( viral , bacterial , schistomsomiasis , TB )

Kidney-glomerular IgA nephropathy , thin basement membrane nephropathy , Alport syndrome , Posy-infectious GNephritis , mesangial proliferative GN , physical stress , local pain haematuria syndrome.

Kidney- non glomerular papillary necrosis , renal infarction , renal vein thrombosis , AV malformations / fistulas , cystic renal disease...