Hypocalcemia-Low calcium

Commonest cause of hypocalcaemia is HYPOPARATHYROIDISM -Common ↓ calcium , ↑ phosphate and ↓ or inappropriately N levels of PTH.Surgical Idiopathic Neonatal Familial Autoimmune. Metal deposition ( Iron , copper , aluminium ) Post radiation Infiltrative Functional ( in low magnesium ) Congenital

Vitamin D related -↓ ed absorption ( dietary , malabsorption ) ↓ed synthesis ( lack of sun , liver failure , renal failure , 1 alpha hydroxylase deficiency ) Impaired Vit D metabolism ( usually drug related ) Genetic syndromes.Vid D deficiency should be considered in a patient with cl features of rickets , osteomalacia , hypophosphataemia , ↑ AlkPo4 or ↑ PTH levels

In relation to phosphate -Hypomagnesemia Acute pancreatitis Any critical illness as burns or sepsis Osteomalacia Overhydration.CKD (common cause of low Ca ) Phosphate therapy hypoparathyroidism rhabdomyolyis

In relation to magnesium -Inhibits PTH secretion and also resistance to PTH action ↓ Magnesium can be due to GI loss Renal cause Medications related (Diuretics , Alcohol) Cisplastin (chemotherapy). Inhibitors of bone resorption (calcitonin and Bisphosphonates ) Loop diuretics Glucocorticoids Interference with Vit-D metabolism ( anti-convulsants ) PPIs- can lead to low magnesium leading to hypocalcaemia

Resistance to para thyroid action -Mutations in PTH signalling pathway-...