Malaria : severe falciparum recognition and referral

Malaria, caused by Plasmodium parasites transmitted through the bite of an infected Anopheles mosquito, remains a significant global health challenge. While many cases of malaria present as a mild illness, a subset can progress to a more dangerous form known as severe malaria. Understanding the distinction between uncomplicated and severe malaria is crucial for clinicians, particularly in areas where the disease is endemic.

Differentiating Severe Malaria from Uncomplicated Malaria

1. Causative Agent: While both severe and uncomplicated malaria can be caused by various species of Plasmodium, severe malaria is most commonly associated with Plasmodium falciparum. In some regions, P. vivax and P. knowlesi have also been implicated in severe cases.

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3. Clinical Presentation:

   • Uncomplicated Malaria: Typically presents with symptoms such as fever, chills, sweats, headaches, nausea, vomiting, and body aches. These symptoms can be mild and mimic other common febrile illnesses.
   • Severe Malaria: Characterized by more alarming symptoms indicating vital organ dysfunction. These include impaired consciousness or coma, severe anaemia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute kidney injury, jaundice, multiple convulsions, and hypoglycemia. Severe malaria can progress rapidly and is potentially fatal if not treated promptly and effectively.
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4. Diagnostic Challenges: While both forms of malaria are diagnosed through similar...