Nose Bleed ( Epistaxis ) : Triage

Epistaxis, commonly known as a nosebleed, ranks among the most prevalent emergencies related to the ear, nose, and throat (ENT) encountered in both emergency departments and primary care settings. This condition is broadly categorized into two types: anterior and posterior nosebleeds. Anterior nosebleeds are more common and typically originate from Kiesselbach's plexus (also known as Little's area) located on the anterior nasal septum, accounting for about 90% of such episodes. In contrast, posterior nosebleeds, though less frequent, tend to be more severe and are more likely to necessitate medical intervention due to their potential for significant blood loss.

The etiologies of epistaxis can be divided into local and systemic causes, with the prevalence of certain causes varying by age. However, a consistent observation is the increased incidence of nosebleeds during the winter months. This seasonal variation is attributed to the decreased humidity and lower temperatures characteristic of winter, which compromise the nasal mucosa's ability to humidify air effectively. As a result, the nasal mucosa becomes more prone to bleeding due to impaired local wound healing.

Systemic causes are significant contributors to the occurrence of epistaxis. Hypertension stands out as a leading systemic factor, with its role in increasing the...