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Serum potassium is a critical electrolyte predominantly found inside cells, vital for various physiological functions. It plays a key role in maintaining cellular function, muscle contraction, nerve signaling, and fluid balance. The regulation of serum potassium involves intricate mechanisms including renal excretion, cellular uptake, and hormonal control by insulin and aldosterone. Normal serum potassium levels range from 3.5 to 5.0 mmol/L. Disruptions in potassium homeostasis can lead to significant clinical complications, making its regulation crucial for overall health. Understanding the factors influencing potassium balance is essential for effective clinical management.
| Aspect | Details |
|---|---|
| Normal Physiology | Potassium is vital for cellular function, predominantly found inside cells (ICF). |
| Role | Essential for muscle function, nerve signaling, and maintaining fluid balance. |
| Regulation | Controlled by kidneys, Na+-K+-ATPase pump, hormones (insulin, epinephrine, aldosterone), and acid-base balance. |
| Factors Affecting Excretion | Increase Excretion: Aldosterone, high sodium delivery, high urine flow, high serum potassium, negatively charged ions (e.g., bicarbonate). Decrease Excretion: Low aldosterone, low sodium delivery, low urine flow, low serum potassium, kidney injury. |
| Normal Levels | 3.5 - 5.0 mmol/L |
| Dietary Sources | Potassium-rich foods: meats, fish, milk, yogurt, beans, tomatoes, potatoes, spinach, carrots, fruits (e.g., bananas, oranges, melons). |
| Additional Intake | Increased through IV or oral supplementation; rarely... |
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