Salivary gland problems : Overview and diagnostic challenges in primary care

Salivary glands serve as vital exocrine organs for the production and secretion of saliva, a crucial fluid in maintaining oral health and aiding digestive processes.

The human salivary system comprises three major salivary glands—parotid, submandibular, and sublingual—as well as several hundred minor salivary glands dispersed throughout the mucosa of the upper aerodigestive tract. Saliva itself is a multifaceted fluid composed of a complex blend of water, organic and non-organic materials. Among its multiple roles are the lubrication of the oral cavity, assistance in mastication and swallowing, and protective functions for the mouth and teeth.

The clinical landscape of salivary gland disorders is vast and nuanced, presenting a diagnostic challenge to primary care clinicians. Disorders may range from non-neoplastic conditions—such as autoimmune diseases, inflammation, and infections—to neoplastic anomalies, which can be either benign or malignant

Diagnosis often hinges on a combination of histopathological findings and clinical symptoms, supplemented at times by additional analyses.

The first step in diagnosing salivary gland disorders involves a comprehensive patient history. It is crucial to inquire about past and present medical histories, including any surgeries, radiotherapies, systemic conditions, or ongoing medications that may affect the salivary glands. A meticulous physical examination is equally essential.

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