Sodium low ( Hyponatremia ) Acute : triage

Hyponatremia, defined as a serum sodium concentration of less than 133 mmol/L, is a prevalent electrolyte disorder that can lead to significant morbidity and mortality if not promptly identified and managed. This condition is especially concerning in vulnerable populations, such as the elderly and those with chronic health conditions, as it has been associated with increased rates of hospitalization, prolonged hospital stays, and higher mortality rates (Kuo et al., 2017; Holland-Bill et al., 2015). The clinical manifestations of hyponatremia vary widely, from mild symptoms like headache and confusion to severe neurological complications, including seizures and coma, underscoring the need for timely assessment and triage (Hamid et al., 2021; OTO, 2023).

In a primary care or emergency setting, the triage of patients with low sodium levels requires a systematic approach to determine the severity of the condition and its underlying causes. Critical factors to assess include the patient's current symptoms, hydration status, medication history, and medical history. Specific conditions, such as heart failure, liver disease, and certain endocrine disorders, can predispose patients to hyponatremia, necessitating a comprehensive evaluation (Verbalis, 2010; Padhi et al., 2014).

Furthermore, the management of hyponatremia must be...