Testosterone : Raised ( total ) causes

Testosterone, a key androgen predominantly known for its role in developing male secondary sexual characteristics, can also significantly impact both males and females when produced in excess. Conditions leading to its overproduction include polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), adrenal virilization or tumors, ovarian or testicular tumors, Cushing syndrome, and the use of exogenous steroids. Understanding the biochemical distinctions between testosterone and other androgens like dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is crucial in diagnosing and managing these conditions effectively.

DHEA is a weaker androgen produced by the adrenal glands and, to a lesser extent, by the ovaries and testes. It acts primarily as a precursor to more potent hormones such as testosterone and estrogen. The adrenal-specific sulfated form, DHEAS, helps differentiate the source of excess androgen production. For instance, elevated levels of testosterone with normal DHEAS typically suggest an ovarian origin, possibly pointing to an ovarian tumor. Conversely, elevated DHEAS levels with normal testosterone often indicate adrenal involvement, such as an adrenal tumor.

In PCOS, disrupted regulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) leads to increased secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH), which in turn stimulates androgen production from ovarian theca cells. This hormonal imbalance manifests clinically as hirsutism, male-pattern balding, acne, and virilization in affected women. Rapid...