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Tongue disorders are a frequently encountered clinical entity in primary care settings. While many tongue problems are benign and self-limiting, some may serve as harbingers of underlying systemic diseases or malignancies. The tongue's unique anatomical features and rich vascular supply make it a highly sensitive organ that can manifest a variety of symptoms, ranging from discoloration and texture changes to pain and altered taste sensation.
The following table aims to be a concise yet comprehensive resource for clinicians working in primary care. It outlines common tongue problems likely to be seen by primary care clinicians. More common conditions like oral thrush are dealt with in greater detail separately.
| Condition | Key Features | Presenting Symptoms | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Geographic Tongue | Smooth, red patches with grayish-white borders on dorsal surface. Dynamic in size and location. | Mostly asymptomatic. Mild discomfort with spicy foods. | [1,2] |
| Black Hairy Tongue | Elongated filiform papillae with blackish or brownish discoloration. | Generally asymptomatic. Lifestyle factors. | [3,4] |
| Glossitis | Smooth, glossy, bright red or pink tongue. | Discomfort, burning sensation, speaking/chewing difficulties. | [5,6] |
| Oral Thrush | Creamy white patches on tongue or inner cheeks, wipe away to reveal red base. | Painful, loss of taste or unpleasant taste. | [7,8] |
| Oral Lichen Planus | White, lacy patches, possibly red... |
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