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Typhoid fever, a serious bacterial infection caused by Salmonella Typhi, predominantly impacts humans who have ingested contaminated food or water. Its symptoms range from fever and abdominal pain to severe complications like cerebral dysfunction, intestinal perforation, and haemorrhage. A small percentage of infected individuals become long-term asymptomatic carriers, posing a continuous risk of disease transmission. The increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant strains of S. Typhi underscores the importance of effective vaccination strategies, especially in high-risk areas. The development and distribution of various typhoid vaccines have been pivotal in controlling the spread of this disease.
The table provides an overview of the different types of typhoid vaccines, their administration methods, and the relevant WHO guidelines and standards
| Vaccine Type | Description | Administration Route | WHO Standardization and Guidelines |
|---|---|---|---|
| Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine (TCV) | Vi polysaccharide bound to a carrier protein | Subcutaneous or intramuscular | Updated guidelines adopted in 2020; prequalified by WHO for ages 6 months to 45 years |
| Vi Polysaccharide Vaccine | Purified Vi capsular polysaccharide from S. Typhi Ty2 strain | Subcutaneous or intramuscular | Requirements adopted in 1992; prequalified by WHO |
| Live Attenuated Ty21a Vaccine | Based on attenuated Ty2 strain with multiple gene mutations | Oral (enteric-coated capsules or liquid suspension) | Production and quality control recommendations... |
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