infectious mononucleosis due to primary Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infection : Diagnostic tests

Infectious mononucleosis, commonly known as "mono", is a clinical syndrome typically caused by the Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), a member of the herpesvirus family. It's characterized by symptoms such as fever, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, and fatigue. The diagnosis of infectious mononucleosis due to primary EBV infection is not straightforward based on clinical symptoms alone, as these symptoms are common to several other illnesses. Therefore, laboratory tests are essential for an accurate diagnosis.

The most commonly used initial test is the heterophile antibody test, also known as the Monospot test. This test detects heterophile antibodies produced during the immune response to EBV. While highly specific for infectious mononucleosis, its sensitivity can vary, especially in young children and in the early stages of the illness.

Further specificity in diagnosis is achieved through additional serological tests, which include the detection of antibodies against various components of the EBV. These tests include VCA IgM, VCA IgG, and EBNA-1 IgG. VCA IgM and VCA IgG antibodies provide information about acute and past infections, respectively, while EBNA-1 IgG antibodies help in ruling out acute primary EBV infection when present.

Additionally, the presence of EA IgG antibodies and the use of IgG avidity assays can offer...